Funded by NSF BCS-1917619 (2019-2024)
Funded by USC Emeritus Center 2024-2025
Story #1
| (1) | |||||||
| O-hechá-vo | la | mbói | la | karia’y-pe, | o-sapukái | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | [i]chupe: |
| 3Sg-see-Conj.Simult | Def.Det | snake | Def.Det | lad-DOM | 3Sg-scream | Emph | 3Sg.Pron.IO |
When the snake saw the young man, he screamed at him:
Al ver la víbora al muchacho, le gritó:
| (2) | |||
| Ha | o-sẽ-re[he] | upé-gui | voi, 'Voi' Focalizer Particle |
| Conj | 3Sg-out-at-cause | there-Prep | Emph |
And having got out of that place,
Y por haber salido de ahí,
| (3) | |||
| Kavaju | nda-hesa | pirĩri | voi: 'Voi' Focalizer Particle |
| Horse | Neg-sight | thin | Focus |
The horse without blinking [said]:
El caballo sin pestañear [luego]:
| (4) | |||||||
| ni | n-o-hendu-pá-i | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | la | h-e’íva | chupe | umi | mokõi: |
| not-even | Neg-3Sg-hear-Compl-Neg | Emph | Def.Det | 3Pl-say-Rel | 3Sg.Pron.IO | those | two |
not even hearing all of what those two were saying:
ni escuchó todo luego lo que le decían esos dos:
| (5) | |||||||
| ho’u | terere | ore | ratĩ-ngué-pe | ——he’i | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | la | guéi. |
| 3Pl-drink | terere | 1Pl.Excl.Poss | horn-former-Loc | 3Sg-say | Emph | Def.Det | ox |
"they drink ‘terere’ from our horn."
"toman terere con nuestro cuerno."
| (6) | ||||||
| añeté-pa | la | pe | mombe’ú-va | chéve? | ——he’i | voi. 'Voi' Focalizer Particle |
| truly-Compl | Def.Det | Dem | 2Pl-tell-Rel | 1Sg.Pron.IO | ——3Sg-say | Emph |
"if it is the truth that which they tell me?" said he.
"[si es] la verdad eso que me cuentan?" le dijo [luego].
| (7) | ||||||||
| ——Ja-ha | ja-hecha | ——he’i | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | la | karia’y, | ha | o-jo-gueraha | hikuái. |
| ——1Pl.Incl-go | 1Pl.Incl-see | ——3Sg-say | Emph | Def.Det | lad | Conj | 3Sg-Rec-take | 3Pl.Pron.Subj |
"Let’s go see," he told the lad, and they went together all of them.
"Vamos a ver," le dijo [énfasis] el muchacho, y se acompañaron [se fueron juntos] todos ellos.
Story #2
| (1) | ||||||
| térã-piko | re-mbopo’i | che-hegui? | ——he’i | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | chupe | jatevu. |
| or-Q | 2Sg-be.afraid | 1Sg-of | ——3Sg.say | Emph | 3Sg.Pron.IO | tick |
or are you afraid of me?" the tick said to him.
o me tienes miedo?" le dijo la garrapata.
Story #3
| (1) | |||
| ——Ha | ndé-[p]iko, | na-che-defende-mo’ã-i | voi? 'Voi' Focalizer Particle |
| ——Conj | 2Sg-Pron.Subj-Q | Neg-1Sg.Pron.DO-defend-Neg.Irr | -FOC |
"And you will not defend me?"
"¿Y vos, no vas a defenderme luego?"
Story #4
| (1) | |||
| O-sẽ | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | o-huguaitĩ-vo | chupe. Overt Direct Object (DO) Pronoun |
| 3Sg-go.out | Emph | 3Sg-meet-Asp.Goal | 3.Pron.DO |
She came out to meet him.
Salió luego a su encuentro [a encontrarle].
Story #5
| (1) | ||||||
| O-je-volea | mombyry-mí-nte | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | chugui | la | ka’i | kuéra, |
| 3Pl-Refl-round | afar-Dim-FOC | FOC | 3Sg.Pron.Obl | Def.Det | monkey | Pl |
The monkeys turned around and around him from afar,
Se dieron vuelta y vuelta los monos desde lejos alrededor de él,
Story #6
| (1) | ||||
| O-je-puka-pa | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | kuriRetrospective Aspect 'kuri' | ha’e | o-guahẽ-vo. |
| 3Pl-Refl-laugh-Compl | Emph | Retrosp.Asp | 3.Pron | 3Sg-arrive-Conj.Simult |
They all laughed when she arrived.
Se rieron cuando ella llegó.
| (2) | |||||
| ha | ijypyrã | n-o-pená-i | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | hese | ha’e. |
| Conj | beginning | Neg-3Sg-pay.attention-Neg | Emph | 3Pl.Pron.Obl | 3.Pron |
and at the beginning he did not pay attention.
y al comienzo no hizo caso de eso.
| (3) | |||||
| Ha | upéi-ngo | o-u | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | hendá-pe | karumbe: |
| Conj | then-FOC | 3Sg-come | Emph | 3.Poss.place-Loc | turtle |
And then he came to the turtle [to the place where the turtle was]
Y después vino expresamente junto a la avestruz la tortuga:
| (4) | ||||||
| Ha | karumbé-ngo | nd-o-je-kuaá-i | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | la | kapi’í-pe | kuápe. |
| Conj | turtle-FOC | Neg-3Sg-Refl-know-Neg | Emph | Def.Det | grass-Loc | inside |
And the turtle could not be seen in the long grass.
Y a la tortuga no se le distinguía ( se le veía ) luego entre el pasto largo.
Story #7
| (1) | ||||||
| o-hó | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | o-hecha | la | hóga | renda-guã. |
| 3Sg-go | -Asp | FOC | 3Sg-see | Def.Det | 3.Poss.house | place-Irr |
he went to see the location of his future house.
ya se fue a ver el lugar de su futura casa.
| (2) | |||||||
| Ha | o-mo-potĩ-mbá | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | -ne | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | katu | pya’e | pya’e. |
| Conj | 3Sg-TR-clean-Compl | -Asp | -Mod | FOC | Mod | fast | fast |
And he would probably already clean all very fast.
Y ha de limpiar ya todo rápidamente.
| (3) | |||||
| Ñande | jára-nte | voi, 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | che | suerte-téiko! | ––he’i. |
| 3Pl.Incl.Poss | lord-only | FOC | 1Sg.Poss | luck-have | ––3Sg.say |
Only our lord, how lucky I am!" he said.
Nuestro señor nomás luego, que suerte tengo!" dijo.
| (4) | ||
| o-vy’a-iterei | voi, 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | i-guý-pe, |
| 3Sg-happy-Superl | FOC | 3.Poss-under-Loc |
he was so happy under its roof,
estuvo muy feliz debajo del techo,
| (5) | ||||
| Oi-ké-re | voi 'Voi' Focalizer Particle | o-hechá | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | jaguareté-pe |
| 3Sg-enter-at | FOC | 3Sg-see | -Asp | tiger-DOM |
When entering already, he saw the tiger
Al entrar vio ya al tigre
Story #10
| (1) | ||||||
| Ha | la | Réi | he’i | mboyve | mba’eve | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' |
| Conj | Def.Det | King | 3Sg.say | before | anything | FOC |
And before the King said anything,
Y antes que el Rey diga nada,
| (2) | |||||||||
| nimbo | oi-pota | itereí | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | hínaEmphasis on Superlative | ra'eMatrix, declarative, narrator-oriented | (ha’é-ngo | i-taryrýi | eterei | voi).Focalizer Particle 'voi' |
| Part | 3Sg-want | Superl | -Asp | Cont | Evid | 3.Pron-FOC | 3Sg-greedy | Superl | FOC |
it seems that he wanted it so much (he is of course very greedy).
había sido que demasiado ya quería (él luego es demasiado codicioso luego).
| (3) | |||||||
| Upéi | ndaje | he’í | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | chupe | n-o-vende-sé-i | chéne-pa. |
| Then | Report.Evid | 3Sg.say | -Asp | FOC | 3Sg.Pron.IO | Neg-3Sg-sell-Des-Neg | Mod-Q |
Then it is said that he already said to him whether he would sell [it] to him.
Después se dice ya le dijo que si no le querría vender.
| (4) | ||||||
| ——N-a-vende | vaerã-i | ——he’i | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | chupe | Peru, |
| ——Neg-1Sg-sell | Mod-Neg | ——3Sg.say | -Asp | FOC | 3.Pron.IO | Peru |
"I will (probably) not sell," Peru already says to him,
"No he de vender," le dice ya Peru,
| (5) | ||||||
| Upéi | ndaje | ha’e | oi-kuaa | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | mba’e | diá-pe |
| Then | Report.Evid | 3.Pron | 3Sg-know | FOC | thing | day-Loc |
Then, it is said that he knew which day
Después, dice que, él sabía luego que día
| (6) | ||||||||||
| Upéi | ndaje | la | Señor | Réi | o-u | o-guahẽ | ha | o-porandu | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | Perú-re. |
| Then | Report.Evid | Def.Det | Mr. | King | 3Sg-come | 3Sg-arrive | Conj | 3Sg-ask | FOC | Peru-Obl |
Then, it is said, the King came arriving and asked for Peru.
Después dicen que el Señor Rey vino llegando y preguntó. por Peru.
| (7) | ||||
| pe | o-gueraha | va’ekueRelativizer/Distal | ha’e | voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi' |
| Dem | 3Sg-take | Rel.Distal | 3Sg.Cop | FOC |
the one he had taken [earlier].
el que había llevado luego él.
| (8) | ||||||||
| Ha’e | hesarái | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | ma’erã-pa | o-u | ra'eEmbedded wh-complement. Matrix subject oriented | la | Peru | rendá-pe. |
| 3.Pron | 3Sg-forget | FOC | what.for-Q | 3Sg-come | Evid | Def.Det | Peru | place-Loc |
He had forgotten for what reason he came to see Peru.
El se olvidó luego para que vino junto a Peru.
| (9) | ||||
| La | hesa | la | apere’á-rente | voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi' |
| Def.Det | look | Def.Det | rabbit-only | FOC |
His sight was only for the rabbit.
Su mirada estaba por el conejo nomás luego.
| (10) | ||||||||||
| Oi-potá-iterei | jeý | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | ndaje | Señor | Réi | ha | o-trateá | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | Perú-gui. |
| 3Sg-want-Superl | again | -Asp | Report.Evid | Mr. | King | Conj | 3Sg-deal | -Asp | FOC | Peru-Prep |
The King wanted it badly again, it is said, and he already made a deal with Peru.
Demasiado quería otra vez el señor Rei, se dice que, e hizo el trato otra vez con Peru.
Story #11
| (1) | |||||||
| O-guahẽ | Palásio-pe | ha | oi-ke | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | o-ñomongeta | Réi | ndive. |
| 3Sg-arrive | Palace-Loc | Conj | 3Sg-enter | FOC | 3Sg-converse | King | with |
He arrived at the palace and entered to talk with the King.
Llegó al Palacio y entró luego a conversar con el Rey.
| (2) | ||||||||
| Réi | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | o-ho | Peru | ndive | la | o-mba’apó-vo | hikuái | ñú-me, |
| King | FOC | 3Sg-go | Peru | with | Def.Det | 3Sg-work-Asp.Goal | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | field-Loc |
The King went with Peru to work in the fields,
El Rey luego se fué con Peru para trabajar ellos en el campo,
Story #12
| (1) | ||||
| ——he’í | -maAspect/Focalizer '-ma' | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | chupe | peteĩ, |
| ——3Sg.say | -Asp | FOC | 3.Pron.IO | one.Subj |
one (of them) said to him.
le dijo uno de ellos.
| (2) | ||||||
| Ha | la | karia’y | o-ñe-moĩ | o-perde, | o-perde | voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi' |
| Conj | Def.Det | guy | 3Sg-Refl-put | 3Sg-lose | 3Sg-lose | FOC |
And the guy started to lose and lose.
Y el muchacho se puso a perder y perder.
| (3) | |||||
| ha’e | oi-ko | i-patrõ | róga-pe-nte | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | ra'e.Matrix Clause, narrator's realization |
| 3.Pron | 3Sg-exist | 3.Poss-boss | house-Loc-only | FOC | Evid |
he actually lives in his boss’s house, it turns out.
él vive en la casa de su patrón luego, había sido.
Story #13
| (1) | ||||
| Heta | voíngoFocalizer Particle 'voi' | che | chekyvy | va'ekue. |
| Many | FOC | 1Sg.Pron | brothers | Asp.Distal |
I had many brothers.
Yo tenía luego muchos hermanos.
| (2) | |||||||
| Ha | upé-pe | ndajeReportative Evidential 'ndaje' | Agui | ho’a-ite | vera | voi,Focalizer Particle 'voi' | i-j-atáke. |
| Conj | there-Loc | Report.Evid | Agustin | 3Sg.fall-Superl | suddenly | FOC | 3Sg-Refl-attack |
And there it is said that Augustin suddenly fell; he had an attack.
Y allí se dice que Agustín se cayó súbitamente; le dio su ataque.
| (3) | ||||||
| Ha | nimbo | ha’e | nd-o-ké-i | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | hínaContinuative | ra'e.Matrix, narrator oriented |
| Conj | Part | 3.Pron | Neg-3Sg-sleep-Neg | FOC | Cont | Evid |
And it turns out that he wasn’t sleeping.
Había sido que no estaba durmiendo luego.
Story #14
| (1) | ||||||
| ha | michĩ | ra’y-mi | n-o-monde-sé-i | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | mba’evé-icha-gua | ao. |
| Conj | small | son-Dim | Neg-3Sg-put-Des-Neg | FOC | any-type-place | clothes |
And since he was a little kid he never wanted to put clothes on.
Y desde chiquito no quería luego ponerse ninguna clase de ropa.
| (2) | |||||||
| Ha’e | nd-oi-kutú-i | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | chupe | ñuatĩ, | ku | tapiti | ra’ý-icha. |
| 3.Pron | Neg-3Sg-pinch-Neg | FOC | 3.Pron.DO | thorns | Dem | rabbit | son-similar |
No thorn pricked him ever, just like those little rabbits.
A él no le hincaba luego espinas, igual que a un conejito.
Story #15
| oi-ko | petei | karai | i-ka’ú-va | voi.Focalizer Particle 'voi' |
| 3Sg-exist | one | man | 3Sg-drunk-Rel | Emph |
it is said there is a man who drank.
se dice que había un hombre que tomaba.
| (2) | ||||||
| oĩ-haguáicha | la | vagon | kuéra: | o-hyekue’o-pa-ite | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | chupe. |
| exist-Sub.Irr | Def.Det | wagon | Pl | 3Pl-rip-Compl-Superl | Emph | 3.Pron.DO |
the wagons [that were there]: they ripped him apart.
los vagones que habían: le destriparon luego.
| (3) | ||||||
| Heta | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | o-ho | hikuái | o-mba’apó-vo | la | ovráhe-pe. |
| lots | FOC | 3Pl-go | 3Pl.Pron.Subj | 3Pl-work-Conj.Simult | Def.Det | lumber.yard-Loc |
Lots of them went to work at the lumberyard.
Muchos fueron a trabajar al obraje.
| (4) | ||||
| (upéva | o-guerekó-va | voiFocalizer Particle 'voi' | hekové-pe | ra’e).Matrix, speaker oriented |
| That.one | 3Sg-have-Rel | FOC | life-Loc | Evid |
(that one that he had when he was alive).
(Ese que tenía en vida).